A coup d'état (, ; plural: coups d'état)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either civil or military. A coup d'état succeeds if the usurpers establish their dominance when the incumbent government fails to prevent or successfully resist their consolidation of power. If the coup neither fully fails nor achieves overall success, the attempted coup d'état is likely to lead to a civil war.

Typically, a coup d'état uses the extant government's power to assume political control of the country. In ''Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook'', military historian Edward Luttwak says, "A ''coup'' consists of the infiltration of a small, but critical, segment of the state apparatus, which is then used to displace the government from its control of the remainder", thus, armed force (either military or paramilitary) is not a defining feature of a coup d'état.

Etymology

Although the coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage; the Oxford Dictionary identifies it as a French expression meaning a “stroke of State”. In 1646, James Howell used the phrase in the book ''Louis XIII''; the first English usage dates from 1811, referring to Napoleon Bonaparte's deposing the Revolutionary Directory in 1799. Prof. Thomas Childers, of the University of Pennsylvania, indicates that the English language's lacking a word denoting the sudden, violent change of government derives from England's stable political traditions and institutions. French and German history are coloured with such politico-military actions.

Since the unsuccessful coups d'état of Wolfgang Kapp in 1920 (the Kapp Putsch), the Swiss German word ''Putsch'' (pronounced ; coined for the Züriputsch of 1839) also denotes the same politico-military actions: in Metropolitan France, ''putsch'' denoted the 1942 and 1961 anti-government attacks in Algiers, and the 1991 August Putsch in the USSR; the German equivalent is ''Staatsstreich'' (the German literal translation of ''coup d'état''), yet a ''putsch'' is not always a coup d'état, for example, the Beer Hall Putsch was by politicians without military support.

Usage of the phrase

Linguistically, ''coup d'état'' denotes a "stroke of state" (French: ''coup'' [stroke] ''d''' [of] ''État'' [state]). Analogously, the looser, quotidian usage means “gaining advantage on a rival”, (intelligence coup, boardroom coup). Politically, a coup d'état is a usually violent political engineering, which affects who rules in the government, without radical changes in the form of the government, the political system. Tactically, a coup d'état involves control, by an active minority of military usurpers, who block the remaining (non-participant) military's possible defence of the attacked government, by either capturing or expelling the politico-military leaders, and seizing physical control of the country's key government offices, communications media, and infrastructure. It is to be noted that in the latest years there has been a broad use of the phrase in mass media, which may contradict the legal definition of ''coup d'état''.

''Pronunciamiento''

The ''Pronunciamiento'' (Pronouncement) is a Spanish and Latin American type of coup d'état. The ''coup d'état'' (called ''golpe de estado'' in Spanish) was more common in Spain and South America, while the Pronunciamiento was more common in Central America. The ''Pronunciamiento'' is the formal explanation for deposing the regnant government, justifying the installation of the new government that was effected with the ''golpe de estado''. Edward Luttwak explains how a coup d'état and a ''pronunciamiento'' are different; in the former, a military faction deposes the civilian government and assumes power, in the latter, the military depose the civil government and install another civil government.

History

Coups d'état are common in Africa; between 1952 and 2000, thirty-three countries experienced 85 such depositions. Western Africa had most of them, 42; most were against civil regimes; 27 were against military regimes; and only in five were the deposed incumbents killed. Moreover, as a change-of-government method, the incidence of the coup d'état has declined worldwide, because usually, the threat of one suffices to effect the change of government; the military do not usually assume power, but install a civil leader acceptable to them. The political advantage is the appearance of legitimacy, examples are the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, and the change of government effected in Mauritania, on 3 August 2005, while the president was in Saudi Arabia.

Types

The political scientist Samuel P. Huntington identifies three classes of coup d'état:

Breakthrough coup d'état: a revolutionary army overthrows a traditional government and creates a new bureaucratic elite. Generally led by mid-level or junior officers. Examples are China in 1911, Bulgaria in 1944, Egypt in 1952, Turkey in 1960, Greece in 1967, Libya in 1969, Portugal in 1974 and Liberia in 1980.

Guardian coup d'état: the "musical chairs" coup d'état. The stated aim of such a coup is usually improving public order and efficiency, and ending corruption. There usually is no fundamental change to the power structure. Generally, the leaders portray their actions as a temporary and unfortunate necessity. An early example is the coup d'état by consul Sulla, in 88 B.C., against supporters of Marius in Rome, after the latter attempted to strip him of a military command. A contemporary instance is the civilian Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's overthrow by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977, who cited widespread civil disorder and impending civil war as his justification. In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the same grounds. Nations with guardian coups can frequently shift back and forth between civilian and military governments. Example countries include Pakistan, Turkey (1978 and 1980), and Thailand. A bloodless coup usually arises from the Guardian coup d'état.

Veto coup d'état: occurs when the army vetoes the people's mass participation and social mobilisation in governing themselves. In such a case, the army confronts and suppresses large-scale, broad-based civil opposition, tending to repression and killing, such as the coup d'état in Chile in 1973 against the elected Socialist President Salvador Allende Gossens by the Chilean military. The same happened in Argentina throughout the period 1930-1983. The 20 July 1944 plot by parts of the German military to overthrow the elected National Socialist government of Adolf Hitler in Germany is an example of a failed veto coup d'état.

A coup d'état is typed according to the military rank of the lead usurper.

The veto coup d'état and the guardian coup d'état are effected by the army's commanding officers.

The breakthrough coup d'état is effected by junior officers (colonels or lower rank) or non-commissioned officers (sergeants). When junior officers or enlisted men so seize power, the coup d'état is a mutiny with grave implications for the organizational and professional integrity of the military.

In a bloodless coup d'état, the threat of violence suffices to depose the incumbent. In 1889, Brazil became a republic via ''bloodless coup''; in 1999, Pervez Musharraf assumed power in Pakistan via a ''bloodless coup''; and, in 2006, Sonthi Boonyaratglin assumed power in Thailand as the leader of the Council for Democratic Reform under Constitutional Monarchy.

The self-coup denotes an incumbent government — aided and abetted by the military — assuming extra-constitutional powers. A historical example is President, then Emperor, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Modern examples include Alberto Fujimori, in Peru, who, although elected, temporarily suspended the legislature and the judiciary in 1992, becoming an authoritarian ruler, and King Gyanendra's assumption of “emergency powers” in Nepal. Another form of self-coup is when a government, having been defeated in an election, refuses to step down.

Resistance to coups d'état

Many coups d'état, even if initially successful in seizing the main centres of state power, are actively opposed by certain segments of society or by the international community. Opposition can take many different forms, including an attempted counter-coup by sections of the armed forces, international isolation of the new regime, and military intervention.

Sometimes opposition takes the form of civil resistance, in which the coup is met with mass demonstrations from the population generally, and disobedience among civil servants and members of the armed forces. Cases in which civil resistance played a significant part in defeating armed coups d'état include: the Kornilov Putsch in Russia in August 1917; the Kapp Putsch in Berlin in March 1920; and the Generals' Revolt in Algiers in April 1961. The coup in the Soviet Union on 19–21 August 1991 is another case in which civil resistance was part of an effective opposition to a coup: Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, stood on top of a tank in the centre of Moscow and urged people to refuse co-operation with the coup.

Post-military-coup governments

After the coup d'état, the military face the matter of what type of government to establish. In Latin America, it was common for the post-coup government to be led by a junta, a committee of the chiefs of staff of the armed forces. A common form of African post-coup government is the revolutionary assembly, a quasi-legislative body elected by the army. In Pakistan, the military leader typically assumes the title of chief martial law administrator.

According to Huntington, most leaders of a coup d'état act under the concept of ''right orders'': they believe that the best resolution of the country's problems is merely ''to issue correct orders''. This view of government underestimates the difficulty of implementing government policy, and the degree of political resistance to certain correct orders. It presupposes that everyone who matters in the country shares a single, common interest, and that the only question is ''how'' to pursue that single, common interest.

Current leaders who assumed power via coups d'état

Qaboos of Oman* Teodoro Obiang Nguema MbasogoDési Bouterse**** Blaise CompaoréOmar Hasan Ahmad al-BashirIdriss DébyYahya Jammeh** Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani* François Bozizé** Frank BainimaramaMohamed Ould Abdel Aziz*** Andry Rajoelina

Title	! Name	! Assumed office	! Country
List of heads of state of Libya	Leader and Guide of the Revolution	Muammar al-Gaddafi	1 September 1969
Sultan of Oman	Sultan	|	23 July 1970
List of heads of state of Equatorial Guinea	President	|	3 August 1979
President of Suriname	President	|	25 February 1980
List of heads of state of Burkina Faso	President	|	15 October 1987
List of Presidents of Sudan	President	|	30 June 1989
List of heads of state of Chad	President	|	2 December 1990
List of heads of state of The Gambia	President	|	22 July 1994
Emir of Qatar	Emir	|	27 June 1995
List of heads of state of the Central African Republic and Central African Empire	President	|	15 March 2003
Prime Minister of Fiji	Acting Prime Minister	|	5 December 2006
List of heads of state of Mauritania	President	|	6 August 2008
List of heads of state of Madagascar	President of the High Transitional Authority	|	17 March 2009

* Monarchs who overthrew their own fathers.

** Both Jammeh and Bozizé were subsequently confirmed in office by apparently free and fair elections. The election confirming Jammeh was marked by repression of the free press and the opposition. An opposition leader described the outcome as a "sham".

*** Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was subsequently confirmed by a narrow margin in the Mauritanian presidential election, 2009, which were regarded as "satisfactory" by international observers.

**** Dési Bouterse relinquished power on two occasions, and got elected as head of a coalition government August 12, 2010.

See also

Assassination

Civil-military relations

Contrast with civilian control of the military

Coup de main

Dictatorship

Kleptocracy

List of fictional revolutions and coups

List of protective service agencies

Military dictatorship

Political corruption

Political warfare

References

Bibliography

Curzio Malaparte, ''Technique du Coup d'État'' (Published in French), Paris, 1931

S.E. Finer, ''The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics'', Pall Mall Press, London, 1962. p. 98.

D. J. Goodspeed, ''Six Coups d'État'', Viking Press inc., New-York, 1962

Edward Luttwak, ''Coup d'état: A practical handbook'', Harvard University Press, 1969, 1980. ISBN 0-674-17547-6

Ken Connor and David Hebditch, ''How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution'', Pen and Sword Books Ltd, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84832-503-6

McGowan, Patrick. 2005. “Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955-2004: Part I, Theoretical Perspectives.” ''Armed Forces & Society'', vol. 32: pp. 5–23.

McGowan, Patrick. 2006. “Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955-2004: Part II, Empirical Findings.” ''Armed Forces & Society'', vol. 32: pp. 234–253.

Beeson, Mark. 2008. “Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines: Will the Thai Coup Prove Contagious?” ''Armed Forces & Society'', vol. 34: pp. 474–490.

N'Diaye, Boubacar. 2002. “How Not to Institutionalize Civilian Control: Kenya's Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964-1997.” ''Armed Forces & Society'', vol. 28: pp. 619–640

External links

Category:Civil–military relations Category:French words and phrases

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Name	Howie Day
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Howard Kern Day
Birth date	January 15, 1981
Origin	Brewer, Maine, U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano
Genre	Pop rock, Indie rock
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1998–present
Label	Sony BMG/Epic
Website	www.howieday.com }}

Howard Kern "Howie" Day (born January 15, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter. Beginning his career as a solo artist in the late 1990s, Day became known for his extensive touring and in-concert use of samplers and effects pedals in order to accompany himself. He self-financed and self-released his first album, ''Australia'', in 2000.

Day eventually signed a recording contract with major label Epic Records- in 2002 and has since re-released his debut as well as producing a follow up, ''Stop All The World Now''. Despite initially sluggish sales, ''Stop All The World Now'' was certified gold in early 2005 and has produced a number of singles, including the hits "She Says" and "Collide", Day's most successful to date. The track became Epic Records’ first platinum single, eventually selling 1.5 million downloads.

After a five year tour before the release of ''Stop All The World Now'' followed by a three year tour, Day took some time off and focused on writing music. Day released his ''Be There'' EP in May 2009 followed by ''Sound The Alarm'', released on September 8, 2009.

Day received significant negative attention after two high profile arrests. In 2004, Day was arrested and charged over an incident in which he was accused of locking a fan in the bathroom of his tour bus and destroying the cellular phone of another, for which he was fined. In December 2005, Day was arrested in Boston after reportedly verbally abusing the flight crew while under the influence of alcohol and sleeping pills. He was sentenced to one year's probation on April 26, 2006.

Day left Epic Records some time in late 2010/early 2011, and announced that he is working on new music. More information about this project is expected to be announced soon.

He currently resides in New York City.

Biography

Early years

Born and raised in Brewer, Maine, Howie Day began to play music at age five when his mother bought a piano at an auction. When Day's mother noticed that her son was able to play by ear tunes of television advertising jingles, she enrolled him in piano lessons, which he would continue for six years.He attended Brewer High School.

Legal trouble

On March 26, 2004, while touring with the band Barenaked Ladies, Day was arrested in Madison, Wisconsin, for allegedly locking a woman in the bathroom of a tour bus after she refused his sexual advances. According to the complainant, he then broke the cell phone of another woman who tried to call police. On August 31, 2004, Howie pled no contest to the charge of disorderly conduct and was ordered to pay a fine of $200 and to write a letter of apology. A second charge, that of criminal damage to property, was dismissed by the court. Day entered rehab for 30 days in March 2007 for undisclosed substance abuse problems. He checked back in after a relapse in May 2007.

Career

At around age 13, Howie's interest drifted toward rock music and the electric guitar. His father bought him a Fender Stratocaster and enrolled him in basic vocal training. Howie made his first stage appearance in August 1996 at Bangor restaurant Captain Nick's. Day played in a local band called ''Route 66'' throughout 1997 and made sporadic solo appearances in local venues until booking agent Shawn Radley discovered him the following year while Day was supporting Ziggy Marley at the University of Maine. Radley became Day's manager in June 1998, and Howie began touring more extensively, leading him to miss 45 days of school and to almost fail his senior year.

Demo EP

At some point in 1998, Howie recorded his first demo EP, which contained covers of songs by Dave Matthews Band, Barenaked Ladies, and Goo Goo Dolls alongside the originals "Buzzing" and "Lick My Lips". This EP was followed later in 1998 by another demo consisting wholly of Day's originals.

On the strength of these performances and demos, Radley secured Howie a showcase at the annual National Association for Campus Activities Convention, where he played for 1,500 college talent buyers. Having received around four months of bookings at colleges around the United States, Day decided to defer attending college in favor of his burgeoning music career.

Howie recorded a cover of The Beatles' "Help!" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film ''I Am Sam''.

''Stop All the World Now'' (2003–2008)

After the EP's release, Day relocated to London, England to record ''Australia'''s follow up, which was provisionally titled ''From a Northern Sky''. The album, which would eventually become ''Stop All The World Now'', was recorded in London's famous Olympic Studios with Martin "Youth" Glover, the bassist for British band Killing Joke, whose previous production credits included The Verve's ''Urban Hymns'', one of Howie's favorite albums.

While certain tracks on ''Australia'' had featured session musicians, ''Stop All The World Now'' saw Howie joined for the first time by a permanent backing band, consisting of multi-instrumentalist Les Hall, drummer Laurie Jenkins and ex-Verve bassist Simon Jones. In addition, the majority of the album's songs were co-written with either Better than Ezra frontman Kevin Griffin or Jump Little Children's Jay Clifford.

A full band tour to promote ''Stop All the World Now'' began on September 27, 2003. Due to other commitments, Simon Jones was unable to tour with the group and was replaced by Jeremy Curtis. The album was released one week and three days later on October 7 to tepid critical reactions. Rolling Stone's Pat Blashill referred to ''Stop'' as "not bad" but "indistinct", but Popmatters' Devon Powers noted that though ''Australia'' had been an album one falls for passionately, "''Stop All the World Now'' is an album you have a crush on, not one you fall deeply, complexly, and foolishly in love with. And crushes have a way of disappearing suddenly, without a trace."

Sales of ''Stop'' were initially sluggish, but slowly began to rise beginning in late 2004 with the single release of ballad "Collide", which became a popular radio hit and was featured on TV shows such as ''Cold Case'', ''Scrubs'', ''Grey's Anatomy'', ''Bones'', and ''One Tree Hill'' as well as soundtracking a promotional trailer for the 2005 film adaptation of Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice''. ''Stop'' was finally certified gold in early 2005. Fan favourite "She Says", which was first released on 1998's ''White EP'', was released as a follow-up to "Collide", although it has not achieved the same success, it became a mid-level hit.

Boosted by the slow burning success of ''Stop All the World Now'', Epic released the ''Live From...'' EP on December 6, 2005. The 7-track EP contains live renditions of songs from ''Australia'' and ''Stop All the World Now'' as well as a cover of Crowded House's "Don't Dream It's Over". The EP has not been widely reviewed, though Allmusic referred to the release as "holiday market product," "tepid", and "directionless".

Be There EP

Howie Day has released an EP, introducing his new album, featuring 3 new songs: "Be There", "40 Hours", and "Counting On Me". These tracks are now available on iTunes. "Be There", produced by Kevin Griffin, Mike Flynn, and Warren Huart, will be serviced to radio as the first single from the album.

''Sound the Alarm'' (2009)

Howie Day released his third full length, "Sound the Alarm", under the Epic music label on September 8, 2009. After an extensive tour schedule following the release of "Stop All The World Now", Day decided to take some time off, during which he sorted through his emotions by writing songs, many of which have made their way onto Sound the Alarm. “I toured for five years straight before Stop All The World Now came out, then for three years non-stop after it was released," Day says.

To get his desired range of sounds and moods, Day recorded in a variety of locations, including Los Angeles, New York (Joel Hamilton), London, Minneapolis, and Bloomington, Indiana, between the spring of 2006 and fall of 2008. He also collaborated with several musicians and producers, including Martin Terefe (Jason Mraz, KT Tunstall), Mike Denneen (Aimee Mann, Fountains of Wayne), Mike Flynn (The Fray, Augustana), Warren Huart (The Fray, Augustana, Better Than Ezra) and Better Than Ezra frontman Kevin Griffin. "Be There" and "Longest Night" have been used in Seasons 1 and 2 of the CW show "The Vampire Diaries"

Ceasefire EP

Howie posted the cover art of his upcoming 'Ceasefire EP' on his facebook account. The EP was released on June 29, 2011.

Discography

Studio albums

Title

Details

Peak chart positions

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! scope="row"

* Release date: November 1, 2000

* Label: Daze Records

* Formats: [[Compact disc

—

—

18

—

''[[Stop All the World Now">Music recording sales certification

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! scope="row"

* Release date: November 1, 2000

* Label: Daze Records

* Formats: [[Compact disc

—

—

18

—

''[[Stop All the World Now''

* Release date: October 7, 2003

* Label: Epic Records

* Formats: CD, cassette

46

—

—

172

Recording Industry Association of America>US: Gold

! scope="row"

* Release date: September 8, 2009

* Label: Epic Records

* Formats: CD, music download

82

31

—

—

Singles

Year	Single	Peak chart positions				Album
		! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"
	"Ghost"	—	—	—	—
"Sorry So Sorry"	—	—	—	—
	"You & a Promise"	—	—	—	—
! scope="row"	—	—	21	—
2004	! scope="row"	20	14	7	14		US">Music recording sales certification	Album
! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"
	"Ghost"	—	—	—	—
"Sorry So Sorry"	—	—	—	—
	"You & a Promise"	—	—	—	—
! scope="row"	—	—	21	—
2004	! scope="row"	20	14	7	14		US: Gold
2005	! scope="row"	—	31	6	39
2009	! scope="row"	—	—	23	—

Singles and EPs

! Single/EP	! Release date	! Label	! Format(s)	! Notes
''Howie Day (Demo)''				Four song promotional CD for booking
''The White EP (#1)''				Four song promotional CD
''The White EP (#2)''				Four song promotional CD
''The Blue EP''				Four song promotional CD released in advance of ''Australia''
''IRA Live EP''				Four song promotional CD released after ''Australia''
''Madrigals EP''				Featured bonus DVD
"Standing in the Sun"
''Extras''				Four song promotional CD
''Live From...'' EP
''Be There EP''
''Ceasefire EP''				Outtakes from "Sound the Alarm"

References

External links

The Official Howie Day website

Howie Day's Myspace

Category:1981 births Category:Musicians from Maine Category:Living people Category:American male singers Category:American pop singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American rock guitarists Category:People from Brewer, Maine

de:Howie Day fr:Howie Day fi:Howie Day sv:Howie Day tr:Howie Day